Toxicology Assignment

Assalamualaikum n salam sejahtera

I've just received new info regarding our P/M Dr Rohi's assignment.I hope this is real becoz I've just got it from our frens ( Haikal through Kak Yani n Jee ).Below are the questions, so that everyone can received and review it personally. sorry kak Mas coz I'm using this blog to give info..

• PROGRAM EKSEKUTIF SAINS BIOPERUBATAN
  SEMESTER II SESI 2007/2008
  ASSIGNMENT TOXICOLOGY NNNB3042
  
  
  ü The assignment should NOT be more than (FIVE) 5 pages (single spacing).
  ü Students are encouraged to refer to many references and list them at the end of each assignment.
  ü Students are strongly PROHIBITED to plagiarize and ‘copy and paste’ directly from internet.
  ü Marks for each assignment would be taken into 30% of final assessment.
  ü Students should hand in the assignments TWO weeks before the date of FINAL examination.
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  1. Toxicokinetic refers to whatever body does to a toxicant.
  
  i. Explain and justify its importance in toxicology:
  a) Bioavailability.
  b) Multi Dose Compartment Model.
  c) Half-life.
  d) Volume of Distribution.
  e) Clearance.
  
  ii. Therapeutic index is a comparison of effective versus lethal dose (LD50 / ED50).
  a) Explain the above statement and justify margin of safety of a toxicant.
  
  b) Describe Log Dose Response Curve, Probit Analysis and the assumptions made when doing the curve. Briefly state the importance of various parameters and values that could be derived from the curve.
  
  
  2. Drug metabolizing enzymes (DME) are abundant in cytochrome P450s of the liver. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo(a)pyrene are environmental toxicants when bioactivated are also potent hepatotoxicants.
  
  a) Write short notes on drug metabolizing enzymes and the functions of cytochrome P450s in xenobiotic metabolism.
  
  b) Explain mechanisms of toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene with regards to DME.
  
  c) Describe the source of PAH and discuss the various factors that can influence the balance of detoxification and bioactivation of benzo(a)pyrene.
  
  
  3. Rachel Carson wrote a book called ‘Silent Spring’, which led her to be hailed as the Mother of Environment.
  
  a) Summarize ‘Silent Spring’ in ways that it caused a major shift in public consciousness about the environment.
  
  b) Describe briefly selective toxicology of pesticide with regards to the impact to environment and risk assessment.
  
  
  4. Cancer is a multi step process across time, as a long and complex succession of genetic changes. Each change enables precancerous cells to acquire some of the traits that together create the malignant growth of cancer cells.
  
  a) Define oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Mutations in certain genes could lead to malignant transformation of cells but not all mutagens are supposed to be carcinogenic. Explain.
  
  b) By giving TWO (2) examples of genotoxicity testing, justify its concept and relevance for potential cancer risk.
  
  c) Give a brief description of classification of carcinogens and ONE (1) example each with its list of toxicities by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs.
  
  
  5. A teratogen is an agent that can disturb embryogenesis or the development of the embryo or fetus. Teratogens halt the pregnancy or produce a congenital malformation (a birth defect). Classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs such as Thalidomide and Agent Orange.
  
  a) Explain mechanism of toxicity of teratogenesis with regards to embryogenesis.
  
  b) What is Thalidomide and Agent Orange?
  
  c) By giving examples of various radioactive material and radiation, explain their general toxicities and also their advantages to human.
  
  
  6. Drug development or preclinical development is defined as the process of taking a new chemical lead through the stages necessary to allow it to be tested in human clinical trials. Natural products have also been widely developed as potential drugs due to their low toxicities.
  
  a) Explain drug development with regards to testing used in preclinical development and various phases of clinical drug development.
  
  b) By giving examples, justify man-made products vs natural products with regards to their advantages and disadvantages.
  
  
  7. Paracetamol (PCM) is an analgesic and antipyretic agent. PCM intoxication can cause liver and kidney failure and in some animals, for example cats, small doses are toxic. Because of the wide availability of paracetamol there is a large potential for overdose and toxicity.
  
  a) Give reasons of liver and kidney are the major target organs for PCM poisoning.
  
  b) Explain its mechanism of toxicity and reason it is very toxic to cats, and also give its risk factors of intoxication.
  
  b) In case of PCM poisoning, explain by giving examples the mechanisms to treat its poisoning.
  
  
  
  
  ________________________ALL THE BEST____________________________